Guide reading: Copper Alloy refers to the pure copper on the basis of adding one or several other elements of the alloy. The copper alloy classification is quite easy to understand. There are many kinds of copper alloy color, non-copper copper alloy types, with different colors, copper alloy mainly purple, yellow, Cyan and other colors.

Copper Alloy refers to the pure copper on the basis of adding one or several other elements of the alloy. The copper alloy classification is quite easy to understand. There are many kinds of copper alloy color, non-copper copper alloy types, with different colors, copper alloy mainly purple, yellow, Cyan and other colors. Copper alloys also change color when they are oxidized. Let's talk about the die casting process of copper alloy. An alloy of one or more other elements with different compositions. Do you know it? For example, silicon brass, casting performance is better, the process is characterized by sequential solidification process, in-pouring pouring system, small riser size. There is bronze and aluminum brass, their casting performance is good liquidity, easy to form a concentrated shrinkage cavity, easy to oxidation. Let's talk about the classification of copper alloys right away.

1.BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER ALLOYS

(1)BRASS: refers to copper and zinc-based Alloy, can be subdivided into simple brass and complex brass, complex brass with the third component named nickel brass, silicon brass, etc.

(2)Bronze: refers to copper-based alloys other than copper-nickel and copper-zinc alloys. The main varieties are tin bronze, aluminum bronze and special bronze (also known as High Copper Alloys) . 

(3) White Copper: refers to copper-nickel alloys; 

(4)Red Copper: refers to pure copper, the main varieties are oxygen-free copper, copper, phosphorus deoxy copper, silver copper.

2.Classification of copper alloys: by Alloy System

(1)UNALLOYED COPPER: UNALLOYED copper includes high purity copper, tough copper, oxygen free copper, oxygen free copper and so on. Traditionally, people call unalloyed copper red copper or pure copper. 

(2)Other copper alloys are alloyed copper. In China and Russia, the alloy copper is divided into brass, bronze and Cupronickel, and then the alloy system is divided into small ones.

3.Classification of copper alloys: By function

(1) Copper alloys for conducting heat and electricity (mainly unalloyed copper and microalloyed copper. 

(2)STRUCTURAL COPPER ALLOYS: Almost all copper alloys are included. 

(3)corrosion-resistant Copper Alloy: mainly tin brass, aluminum brass, all kinds of non-white copper, aluminum bronze, titanium bronze and so on. 

(4) wear-resistant Copper Alloy: mainly containing lead, tin, aluminum, manganese and other elements of complex brass, aluminum bronze and so on. 

(5)FREE-CUTTING COPPER ALLOYS: copper-lead, copper-tellurium, copper-antimony and other alloys. 6, elastic copper alloy: mainly antimony bronze, aluminum bronze, beryllium bronze, titanium bronze and so on. DAMPING COPPER ALLOY: High Manganese Copper Alloy, etc. . Art Copper Alloys: pure copper, simple copper, tin bronze, aluminum bronze, white copper, etc. 

4.CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER ALLOYS: by material formation method

(1) CAST COPPER ALLOY: CAST, but also can be used for deformation processing. 

(2)WROUGHT COPPER ALLOYS: wrought copper alloys can be used for casting.

 (3)Cast Copper Alloys and wrought copper alloys are further subdivided into copper, brass, bronze, and cupronickel for casting.

Knowledge of copper alloy classification is described above. Copper alloys as a processing material, then there are many kinds. We say under the copper alloy processing material classification: divided into sheet, strip, foil, row, pipe, bar, wire and profiles, such as eight varieties (commonly known as the eight categories) . Generally speaking, when the thickness of the strip is less than 0.1 mm, it is called foil (China's customs said that the thickness is less than 0.15 mm for foil) , coils less than 5 mm in diameter are usually referred to as wire, while those supplied in straight strips are referred to as rods.

5.Classification of copper alloy sheet, strip, foil, Tube, etc.

1.Copper Alloy Sheet, strip and foil: Copper Alloy Sheet, strip and foil products in accordance with the shape and size of Thin Gong for sheet, strip, strip and foil.

 (1) the last rolling state of Copper Alloy Sheet, copper alloy sheet, strip and foil products is divided into hot rolled sheet and cold rolled sheet. The commonly used dimensions of hot rolled sheet are 4 ~ 150 mm (thickness)200 ~ 3000 mm (width)500 ~ 6000 mm (length) . The common size of cold-rolled sheet is 0.2 ~ 12mm (thickness)100 ~ 3000mm (thickness)500 ~ 6000mm (length) . The status of sheet products includes hot rolled state (R) , soft state (m) , semi-hard State (y 2) , hard state (Y) , extra hard state (t) and heat treatment state (CS) .

 (2) copper alloy strip, strip size range 0.05 ~ 3mm (thickness) something 10 ~ 1000mm (width) , supplied in coil. The state of Strip products is divided into soft state (m) , semi-hard State (y 2) , hard state (y) and extra hard degree (t) . 

(3) Copper Alloy Bar (also called Copper Strip) : the thickness of the bar is between the plate and the Strip, the size range is generally 0.2 ~ 10mm (thickness)50 ~ 100mm (width)1500 ~ 2000mm (length) . The commonly used strip products are pure copper strip, brass strip, bronze strip and so on. 

(4) copper alloy foil: domestic copper processing foil refers to the thickness of 0.05 mm below the plate and strip, foreign refers to the thickness of 0.1 m below the plate and strip, are rolled copper foil (rolled copper foil) , not including electrolytic copper foil.

Commonly used foil products are pure copper foil, brass foil, bronze foil, white copper foil.

Foil size range: 0.05 ~ 0.1 mm (thickness)40 ~ 600 mm (width) , coil supply, length should not be less than 5000 mm, its state is soft state (m) and hard state (Y) . Copper Alloy foil products for the hard state, not more than 0.02 mm thickness of pure copper products are generally hard state.

2.Copper Alloy Tube, bar and wire: Copper Alloy Tube, bar and wire are subdivided into tube, bar and wire according to the shape of the product. 

(1) copper alloy tubes: Tubes are divided into round, trapezoidal, triangular, rectangular and square tubes, with sizes ranging from 0.5 to 360 mm (outside diameter) to 0.1 to 50 mm (wall thickness) , supplied in straight strips or rolls, product status is divided into extrusion state (R) , soft state (m) , light soft state (M2) , hard state (y) , semi hard state (y 2) and 1/3 hard state (y 3) products.

 (2) copper alloy bars: copper alloy bars are divided into copper alloy round bars, copper alloy hexagon bars, copper alloy square bars, copper alloy rectangular bars and copper alloy guide bars, the size range is 3 ~ 120 mm (diameter)500 ~ 5000(length) , the straight bars are supplied, the state of the products is divided into extrusion state (R) , soft state (m) , forging state (M2) , hard state (Y) , semi-hard state (y 2) , soft aging state (TF00) and hard aging state (TF04) . 

(3) Copper Alloy Wire Rod: Copper Wire Rod refers to the production of wire blank, also known as copper wire Rod. The beam splitter and the Black Rod, the Black Rod by the boat shape ingot in the row type pass mill hot rolling, the surface oxidation is serious, now has been basically eliminated. The diameter of the wire rod is between 6 ~ 20mm. It is produced by continuous casting and rolling or by up-drawing (or horizontal) continuous casting.

6.Development trend of copper alloy

1. High Purity: The main purpose of high purity is to improve the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material as much as possible. The content of copper in industrial copper ranges from 99.90% to 99.95% , then to 99.99% (4n) and even higher, such as ultra-pure copper containing 99.9999% (6n) , the requirement of impurity content is more strict. Such as oxygen (o) content from 0.01% ~ 0.05% reduced to 0.001% ~ 0.006% , up to 0.0002% ~ 0.0003% . Minimizing the influence of impurities on electrical and thermal conductivity. Typical applications include high purity copper for network transmission connections, Takasumi oxygen free copper for electric vacuum devices, precision guidance and high fidelity signal transmission, and single crystal copper and ultra pure copper for superconductors. Compared with polycrystalline copper, the tensile strength of single crystal copper decreased by 24.71% , the elongation increased by 2.39 times, the section shrinkage increased by 4.14 times, the resistivity decreased by 31.7% , less than 1.7210-8 m, and its oxygen content was less than 510-6, hydrogen content less than 0... 510-6, density greater than 8.92 t/m3. Another aspect of the development of copper alloys toward high purity is that the microalloyed copper alloys require Takasumi purification of the copper alloy matrix in order to ensure higher comprehensive properties of the materials. 2. MICROALLOYING: The aim of microalloying is to obtain other properties, such as a significant increase in strength, at the expense of the least conductivity and thermal conductivity. Such as adding about 0.1% Fe (Fe) , MG (MG) , Te (Te) , SI (SI) , AG (AG) , Ti (Ti) , CR (CR) or pickaxe (Zr) , rare earth elements and so on, can improve its strength, hardness, softening temperature or machinability. Microalloyed copper is one of the most popular copper alloy materials. Oxygen toughened copper and high strength and high conductivity copper alloys are the most important microalloyed copper. The concept of oxygen copper is relative to oxygen-free copper, its copper content is above 99.90% , which is equivalent to the general pure copper, but its oxygen content is controlled at 0.005% ~ 0.02% , and its conductivity is above 100% IACS. This is because the right amount of oxygen for the impurities in the intercrystalline elements play a certain role in oxidation and oxidation, to a certain extent, the purification of the Matrix. The most important characteristic of the production of oxygen copper is the low cost of its raw material. The low grade copper scrap is used to produce the same kind of oxygen copper material with high conductivity and heat conductivity. High-strength and high-conductivity copper alloys are favored by material scientists all over the world because of their excellent comprehensive properties, and are the fastest developing copper alloys in recent years. The microalloying elements include P, FE, CR, Zr, Ni, SI, AG, SN, Al and so on. The typical alloy systems include CU-P, CU-FE-P, cu-Ni-Si, cu-Cr-Zr, cu-Ag, cu-Ag something CR, cu-Ag-Zr, cu-Ag-Zr, cu-Ag-Sn and so on. The total content of other components in the alloy can be at least 0.01% ~ 0.1% , and the maximum is generally not more than 3% . Its common characteristic is that the material has high strength and high conductivity. 3. COMPLEX MULTI-COMPONENT ALLOYING: In order to further improve the strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and other properties of copper and its alloys, or to meet some special application requirements, on the basis of existing bronze, brass, etc. , to add to five, six elements and other components, to achieve materials of high elasticity, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, easy cutting and other functions, multi-component (four or more components) alloying has become another hot topic of copper alloy development, new complex alloy layers emerge in endlessly. Typical alloys include multi-element manganese brass, silicon manganese brass, boron-tin brass, lead-free free-cutting copper alloys, etc. . Its common feature is high strength and toughness, tensile strength can reach 600 ~ 700MPA. For example, HMn59-2-1-0.5(Cu: 58%-59% , Mn: 1.8%-2.2% , Al: 1.4%-1.7% , Fe: 0.36%-0.65% , Si: 0.6%-0.9% , Sn: 0.1%-0.4% , Pb: 0.3%-0.6% , Zn allowance) of new manganese brass, the strength of the control tube is over 600 MPA, the elongation is over 20% , the hardness is over 180% . Aluminum Brass HAl64-5-4-2(Cu: 63.5% ~ 65.5% , AL: 4.5% ~ 6.0% , MN: 3.0% ~ 5.0% , Fe: 2.0% ~ 3.0% , Pb: 0.2% ~ 1.0% , Zn allowance) has a strength of over 750 MPA and a hardness of over 220. The new aluminum bronze Qal 9-5-1-1(Cu: residual, Al: 8.0% ~ 10.0% , NI: 4.0% ~ 6.0% , MN: 0.5% ~ 1.5% , Fe: 0.5% ~ 1.5%) has a strength of 650 MPA, a yield strength of 400 MPA and an elongation of over 14% . The service life of synchronizer rings, high-pressure pump friction pairs or electrode copper wedges made of these materials is one to several times longer than those made of brass or bronze. In recent years, with the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, environmental protection has become the theme of World Civilization Development. People pay more attention to the influence of harmful elements such as lead, beryllium, cadmium and arsenic. The development of environment-friendly copper alloy materials such as lead-free free cutting brass, beryllium-free high elastic copper alloy and arsenic-free corrosion-resistant copper alloy has become one of the important development directions of copper alloy materials. 

7.. Composite Materials: There are two kinds of copper alloy materials: one is to introduce alloy elements to strengthen copper matrix to form alloy, the other is to introduce a second strengthening phase to form composite. For example, dispersion-strengthened oxygen-free copper is a typical artificial composite material, the commonly used dispersion particles are Al2O3, ZrO2, Y2o3, ThO2 and so on. The method of artificial composite material means that the copper matrix is strengthened by adding the second phase particles, whisker or fiber into the copper matrix, and the copper matrix is strengthened by introducing uniformly distributed fine oxide particles with good thermal stability into the copper matrix. The composition of the second phase is usually less than 1% or even less than 0.01% , but the strengthening effect of the material is very obvious, especially the high temperature strength of the material is greatly improved. For example, cu-2.5% TIB2(volume fraction) , electrical conductivity 76% lacs, tensile strength 675MPA; cu-0.5% al2o3(mass fraction) alloys, the greenhouse strength of the materials can reach 500 ~ 800MPA, electrical conductivity can reach 85% lacs, the strength of the materials can still reach 200 ~ 400MPa after burning hydrogen at 900 °C. The other is in-situ composite (in-situ coincidence material) , which is a kind of composite material in copper matrix through exothermic reaction between elements or between elements and compounds. Compared with the traditional artificial reinforced composites, the strength of this kind of composites is greatly improved, and the toughness and high temperature properties of the composites are better. For example, the cu-20% NB (volume fraction) composite has very high tensile strength, close to 2000PA, the conductivity of cu-18% (mass fraction) is 66.6% lacs, and the tensile strength is 1450MPA. Other composite materials such as Cu-fe, CU-TA system also have high room temperature strength and high temperature strength, the strength of the material can generally reach 800 ~ 1500 MPA.

Source: Tongxinbao

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